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20.12 Metal Inserts

Injection-molded metal inserts are used in plastic gears for a variety of reasons:

(a) To avoid an extra finishing operation
(b) To achieve greater dimensional stability, because the metal will shrink less and is not sensitive
      to moisture, is also, a better heat sink.
(c) To provide greater load-carting capacity
(d) To provide increased rigidity
(e) To permit repeated assembly and disassembly
(f) To provide a more precise bore to shaft fit

Inserts can be molded into the part or subsequently assembled. By subsequent insertion of inserts stress concentrations may be present which can result in cracking of the parts. The interference limits for press fits must be obeyed depending on the material used, also proper minimum wall thicknesses around the inserts must be left. The insertion of inserts can be accomplished by ultrasonically driving in the insert. In this case the material actually melts into the knurling at the insert periphery.
Inserts are usually produced by screw-machines and made of aluminum or brass, It is advantageous to attempt to match the coefficient of thermal expansion of the plastic to the materials used for inserts. This will reduce the residual stresses in the plastic part of the gear during contraction while cooling after molding.
When metal inserts are used generous radii and fillets in the plastic gear are recommended to avoid stress concentration, It is also possible to use other types of metal inserts, such as self-threading, self-tapping screws, press fits and knurled inserts. One advantage of the first two of these is that they permit repeated assembly and disassembly without part failure of fatigue.

20.13 Attachment of Plastic Gears To Shafts

Several methods of attaching gears to shafts are in common use. These include splines, keys, integral shafts, set screws, and plain and knurled press fits. Table 1.53 lists some of the basic characteristics of each of these fastening methods:

TABLE 1.53 CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS SHAFT-ATTACHMENT METHODS

Nature of
Gear Shaft
Connection
Torque
Capacity
Cost Disassembly Comments
Set Screw



Press fit

Knurled Shaft
Connection
Spindle

Key

Integral Shaft
Limited



Limited

Fair

Good

Good

Good
Low



Low

Low

High

Reasonably Low
Low
Not good unless threaded metal insert is used

Not Possible

Not Possible

Good

Good

Not Possible
Questionable reliability, particularly under vibration or reversing drive
Residual stresses need to be considered
A permanent assembly

Suited for close tolerances
Requires good fits

Bending load on shaft needs to be watched

                                                                            
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