Avoid the need for shims, plates etc. in clamping (a), by arranging bearing surfaces to be coplanar (b). The latter also leads to a safer and faster clamping operation.

For facilitating the machining of a crank. shaft, end lugs have been added (one at each end). Each lug has two holes in order to be able to hold and turn crankshaft and crank. After completion of machining the lugs are removed.

(e) Simplifying Machining With Composite Assemblies

The one-piece machined shaft (a) can sometimes be replaced by cold-drawn rod and tubing (b); in the case of low loads the tubing may be replaced by split retaining rings (c). Constructions (b) and (c) eliminate or reduce both machining and metal removal.

in the case of a shaft (a) with a hub, machining integrally from stock involves removing a relatively large amount of metal, or resorting to an expensive forging. Alternative designs involve a cold-drawn rod or bar to which a separate ring has been added and fastened to the shaft by a set screw (b), press fit (c), or welds (d, e).

Sometimes a ground shaft with a ground shoulder (a) can be replaced by a one-diameter centerless-ground shaft and a split retaining ring.