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T-1 ELEMENTS OF GEAR TECHNOLOGY Table of Contents Page SECTION  1 INTRODUCTION TO METRIC GEARS .................................................. T-7 1.1 Comparison Of Metric Gears With American Inch Gears  .................................... T-8 1.1.1 Comparison of Basic Racks .................................................................... T-8 1.1.2 Metric ISO Basic Rack ............................................................................. T-8 1.1.3 Comparison of Gear Calculation Equations ........................................... T-9 1.2 Metric Standards Worldwide  .................................................................................. T-9 1.2.1 ISO Standards .......................................................................................... T-9 1.2.2 Foreign Metric Standards ........................................................................ T-9 1.3 Japanese Metric Standards In This Text ............................................................... T-9 1.3.1 Application of JIS Standards ................................................................... T-9 1.3.2 Symbols  .................................................................................................... T-13 1.3.3 Terminology .............................................................................................. T-16 1.3.4 Conversion ................................................................................................ T-16 SECTION  2 INTRODUCTION TO GEAR TECHNOLOGY  ........................................ T-17 2.1 Basic Geometry Of Spur Gears .............................................................................. T-17 2.2 The Law Of Gearing ................................................................................................ T-19 2.3 The Involute Curve .................................................................................................. T-19 2.4 Pitch Circles ............................................................................................................. T-20 2.5 Pitch And Module .................................................................................................... T-20 2.6 Module Sizes And Standards ................................................................................. T-21 2.7 Gear Types And Axial Arrangements .................................................................... T-26 2.7.1 Parallel Axes Gears ................................................................................. T-26 2.7.2 Intersecting Axes Gears .......................................................................... T-28 2.7.3 Nonparallel and Nonintersecting Axes Gears ........................................ T-28 2.7.4 Other Special Gears  ................................................................................ T-29 SECTION  3 DETAILS OF INVOLUTE GEARING ...................................................... T-30 3.1 Pressure Angle ........................................................................................................ T-30 3.2 Proper Meshing And Contact Ratio  ....................................................................... T-30 3.2.1 Contact Ratio ............................................................................................ T-32 3.3 The Involute Function  ............................................................................................. T-32 SECTION  4 SPUR GEAR CALCULATIONS .............................................................. T-34 4.1 Standard Spur Gear ................................................................................................ T-34 4.2 The Generating Of A Spur Gear  ............................................................................ T-35 4.3 Undercutting  ............................................................................................................ T-36 4.4 Enlarged Pinions ..................................................................................................... T-37 4.5 Profile Shifting ......................................................................................................... T-37 4.6 Profile Shifted Spur Gear ........................................................................................ T-39 4.7 Rack And Spur Gear ............................................................................................... T-41